|
A
| B | C
| D | E
| F | G
| H | I
| J | K
| L | M
N | O
| P | Q
| R | S
| T | U
| V | W
| X | Y
| Z
A
abbreviations,
arbitrary use of, 224
as compression, 225-226
and documentation, 267
ability, differences in, 135-136
acceptance testing, 75-76
access to machine room, 110-111
accounting, 253-254
as observation tool, 31-32
ACM Special Interest Group on Personal Research,
37
Activity Vector Analysis, 157
adaptability, 20-22, 150
in debugging, 166
of a democratic group, 81-83
and egoless programming, 59
and language, 240
of a language, 236-237
to operating environment, 256-258
administrative assistant, as status symbol, 111
administrative terminal system, 264
admission of weakness, 189
ADR, see Applied Data Research
aggressiveness, 53
Algol, 12.ii
Allport, F. H., 93
ally, in pressure situations, 104-106
amateur programming, 122-125
language for, 212
ambiguity, psychological versus physical, 222-223
analytical mind, 137
anteroom, information exchange in, 51
anthropology, 39
contrast with sociology, 37
participant observation, 31
of software, xii
antisocial behavior, 87-88
APL, 12.i
success of, 238
appearance of work, reward for, 109-110
Appley, M. H., 199
Applied Data Research, P4.i, P4.ii
appointed leader, 80-82
archeology on programs, 12, 39
arithmetic reasoning, and programming aptitude,
173-174
Aron, Joel, 113, 140
arousal, 248
array operations, and linearity, 232
Asch, S. E., 93, 103-104, 115
assembly language,
block structure in, 224
influence on JCL, 233-234
assertiveness, 150
assumptions,
in a psychological study, 259
role in debugging, 165-166
attachment to a programming language, 212
attitude,
professional versus amateur, 125-126
about women, 111-112
attributes, shown in documentation, 267
audition for programming, 175-176
auditory learning, 193-194
Austrian Army model, 6.ii
authoritarian, 78-79, 86-88
authority, reactions to, 147
avoiding problems, 164-166
awards, see reward
top
B
background, for programming, 69, 184-185
bad programming days, 57
Bakunin, Mikhail, 119
Ballachey, E. L., 93
Barnum, P. T., P1.i
batch,
and beginners, 190
simulated on-line, 32-33
social structures associated with, 48-49
versus time-sharing, 259-262
batch-processing center, 4.i
Bates, Marilyn, 8.i
bebugging, 248
behavior, observation of, 3.i, 3.ii
benefits, and employee satisfaction, 80
Berkeley, Edmund C., 272
Biamonte, A. J., 177
Bierce, Ambrose, 39
bit-picking, 76
blackboard, importance of, 207
blame analysis, 3.i
blame, protection from, 12.i
blanks, 186-188, 233-234
blind programmers, 11.i
block structure,
with assembly language, 244
and linearity, 232
shown in documentation, 267
bonus, importance of, 183-184
boredom, 96
Bouvard, Jacques, 14
Bower, G., 200
branching, 232
broadcast transmission, 207
Brown, J. A. C., 41
Bruner, Jerome, 208, 215
Bucholtz, Werner, 14
bundled software, legal challenge to, P4.ii
Burton, N. G., 245
Buxton, J. N., 115
top
C
C, 12.ii
call, reference versus value, 221
Cannon, W. M., 154, 159
capability, development of, 5.i
capacity,
mental, 224-229, 277
system, 237-238, 277
categories, covert, 220, 245
challenge,
and motivation, 99
and program design, 126-128
and satisfaction, 79-80
change in personality, 143-145
character set, effects of, 221
cheating,
on personality tests, 155
in school programming, 199
chief programmer teams, 94
chunking, 225
clarity of goals, 76-78
closed shop and status, 110
COBOL, xiii, P4.i, 12.i
goals of, 239-240
coding, 76
requirements for, 132
Cofer, C. H., 199
cognitive dissonance, 54-56
and avoidance of extremes in reporting, 103
and goal acceptance, 76
commands, batch versus on-line, 33
comments,
arbitrary placement of, 224
failure to close, 260
in JCL, 233-234
stripped from listing, 266
study of, 164
commitment to goals, 76
common room, communication functions of, 49
communication,
versus adaptability, 237
asymmetry of, 208
of objectives, 130-131
operators and programmers, 141-143
compatibility,
and efficiency, 23
machine to machine, 8, 22
of team members, 5.ii
competence of supervisors, 80
compiler,
diagnostics, 29
performance measures, 16, 23
compile-time facilities and adaptability, 237
complementary leaders, 85
complex tasks, motivation in, 182-184
compliance, 53
composition of programming teams, 69, 5.ii, 184-185
compression, 224-229
versus locality and linearity, 231
through positional parameters, 252
and testing, 249-250
compromise, false, 82-84
Computer Personnel Research Conference, 42, 200
computing center, informal structure of, 48-49
confidence, effect on testing, 247-248
conflict,
between goals, 77-78
and social climate, 108
connotative function of language, 208-210
consensus, false, 76
conservatives, liking for, 156
constraints on subject behavior, 32
consulting service, 49-50
contextual declaration, 227
continuation cards, 186-188
contractors, 5.ii
conversion problems, 73-76, 5.ii
cooperation, 5.i
coordination,
amount required, 69
among teams, 95
coping stances, 8.i
Corbato, F. J., 66
correcting errors, 136
correlation coefficient, 172-173
cost,
decrease per unit of computation, 25
of documentation, 264
of not having program on time, 19-20
of psychological studies, 33-35
covert categories, 220, 245
creative communication, as a challenge to programming,
9.ii
creative thinking and problem solving, 9.ii
creativity in design, 168
crisis,
group reaction to, 81-83
the team in, 85-91, 5.iii
critical case, for learning, 197
Cronbach, L. J., 42, 159
cross-cultural study, 85-86
CRT in debugging, 274
Crutchfield, R. S., 93
culture, 39, 3.iii
top
D
data, versus information, 32
data structure,
choice of, 29
and compression, 226
in special purpose languages, 240
dead-end techniques, 190-191
debugging,
and accounting information, 253
aptitude for, 169, 174-175
documentation for, 264-267
proper placement of aids, 251-253
role of set in, 162-164
technique for consulting, 165-166
decision tables, 244
in documentation, 267
declaration of data types,
arbitrary, 29, 224
implicit and contextual, 227
placement of, 230-231
default, compression by, 227-228
dehumanization, 211-212
delimiter, blank as, 233
deliverables, as basis for judging managers,
4.iii
delivery service and social structure, 52
DeMarco, Tom, 4.i
democratic,
leadership of group, 81-85
team, 86-88
demonstrations, 111
depth of documentation, 263
design features,
of natural language, 206-208
of programming language, 30-31, 210-214, 218-245
designated leader, 80-82
detachment, 53
detecting errors, 136
devil's advocate, 105-106
diagnostics, 16
more explicit, 29
value of, 23-24
dialects, 245
dialogue,
man-machine, 208
terminal possibilities, 223
difficulty of a program, 165
Dijkstra, E. W., 176
dimensions, number of, 30-31
directional reception, 207
dishonesty, in a manager, 82
dissonance, see cognitive dissonance
distance, 162-163
of reference, 249-250
distortion of information, 82
diversity of schooling, absence of, among modern
programmers, 10.i
Dixon, Paul, 244
document production, as a specialized task, 13.iii
documentation, 262-266
abilities required for, 132, 169-170
distaste for, 183
for modification, 21
prestige of, 107-108
Psychology as a source of, 13.iii
drive, 181
dummy arguments, 221
duplex system, errors in, 75-76
top
E
early returns, effect on testing, 250-251
education, 184-188
effectiveness, opposed to efficiency, 25, 2.i
efficiency, 2.ii
and egoless programming, 60
false, 127
measures of, 22-25
and subscript limitations, 222
egalitarian teams, 72
ego and programming, 52-60
ego-full programming, 13.i
egoless programming, 4.ii
and documentation, 268
and efficiency, 60
and personality requirements, 146-147
and team structure, 72
Einstein, Albert, 3
elevators and informal structure, 51
elision of cases, 227
e-mail, 4.i
emotive function of language, 208-209
enforcement of rules, 256
enthusiasm for terminal systems, 189-190
environment,
enrichment of, 258
for learning, 193-195
of a program, 21-22
error,
automatic correction of, 273
and ego, 52-60
extinction curve, 259-260
intentional introduction of, 248
location of, 162-164
and turnaround, 254-255
esthetics of a program, 209
estimating,
of efficiency, 24
and egoless programming, 59
influenced by objectives, 130-131
and operating system priority, 256
optimism and, 5.i
and team structure, 68-69
variance in, 20
ethical problems, 31-32
of using personality tests, 153
evaluation of programmers,
through accounting, 253
through introduced bugs, 248
exceptions,
effect on locality, 232
effect on memory, 218-224
executive appreciation courses, 124-125
executives, P1.i
experience,
as factor in subject selection, 33-35
and team structure, 68, 70-72
as training, 185
experienced programmers,
selection of, 175-176
temptation to hire, 64
experiments, 32-34
extensibility,
in languages, 216
of techniques, 190-191
extremes, avoidance of, 103
top
F
fading of utterances, 207
failure,
fear of, 189
reasons for, 113
false consensus, 76
familiarity with first programming language,
212
family therapists, 5.iii
Fano, R. M., 66
father figure,
played by manager, 84
as task specialist, 85-86
favored modes of perception, 193-195
feedback in reporting systems, 102
Festinger, L. A., 54, 66
files, benefits of eliminating, 238
filtering of progress reports, 100-104
first-level manager, 109
Fisher, Ronald A., 21, 26, 240
fixation on a programming language, 104
flexibility in debugging, 166
flow diagrams, 264-265
folk wisdom, 36-37, 183, 262
followership, 78
forgetting, importance of, 171
formal languages, 210
formal leader, 81-82
formal organization, 47-50
formation,
of a group, 63-64
of a team, 68-72, 89
former programmer, as manager, 76, 80
FORTRAN, 12.i
Freedman, Daniel, xiii
Freedman, Norie Yasukawa, xiii
Freud, Sigmund, 28, 41
Friedan, Betty, 115
functions, for compactness, 226
Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, 21,
240
top
G
Gagne, Robert, 115
Gates, Bill, 2.i
Gause, Don, xiv
Geller, Dennis, xiii, xiv
General Electric Co., 31
generality of program function, 168
generic functions,
effect on coding, 9
lack of capability, 226
need in subsetting, 228
genius,
language designers, 211, 11.ii
programmers, 58, 62-63
geometric figures, on aptitude tests, 173
Gerard, H. B., 93
gestalt, 169
Ghiselin, Brewster, 178
Gilb, Tom, 13.ii
Gleser, Goldine C., 159
global variables, placement of, 230
GO TO, elimination of, 232
goals, P2.ii
of education, 197-198
effect on estimates, 130-131
establishment of, 72-78
imposition by management, 81-82
multiple, 69-70
Goetz, Marty, P4.ii
Goffman, Erving, 66
Golde, Peggy, 41
good programming days, 134
Gotterer, M., 177
graphic skills, 170
Greenberg, Joseph H., 215
Gresset, G. L., 273
group,
cost of studying, 35
defined, P2.i
effect on learning, 189
growth stages in team life, 89-90
Gruenberger, Fred, 14
gypsy programmers, 58, 81
top
H
habits,
for better programming, 163-164
working, 194
Haire, Mason, 66
Hall, C. S., 159
Hall, Douglas T., 200
Hall, Edward T., 66
Hammond, K. R., 42
Hammond, Phillip, E., 42
hands-off management, 90-91
hardness, 85
hardware, see machine
hardware group, 106
hash table, 22
Hawthorne Effect, 31, 3.ii
headship, 83
heterogeneity, of programming group, 184-185
hexadecimal, as chunking, 225
hierarchical organization, 106-109
in teams, 72
Higman, Brian, 216, 222
Hilgard, E. R., 200
hiring,
ethics of, 153
policies, 53
historical traces in code, 11-12, 1.i
Hoare, C. P. R., 113
Hockett, Charles, 206, 215
homographs, as mnemonics, 164
hot-box technique, 84-85
Householder, J. E., 42
human factors, 42
human interface design, xiii
humility, 150
Hunt, J. M., 178
Hyman, H. H., 42
top
I
IBM, 10.ii, P4.ii
and Programmer's Aptitude Test, 171
System/360, 12.i
Vienna Laboratory, 241, 12.ii
ideal programmer personality, 146
idiosyncrasies, language provision for, 237
IF-statement and linearity, 232
image,
of a programming group, 66
of the programming profession, 52-53
implementation, effect on coding, 9
implicit declaration, 227
incompetence,
detection of, 87
effects of, 77
indispensable man, 99-100
individual,
differences, 261-262
learning, 194-195
personality of, 5.ii
in programming, 35, P3.i
psychology of, 39
skills of, 5.ii
as unit for study, 259
individualistic school of programming, 63-64
indoctrination, 63-64
industrial psychology, 31
influence, 80
informal organization, 47-50
information,
versus data, 32
making full use of, 195-197
processing capacity of human beings, 225
information content, 218
inhibition, retroactive and proactive, 236
innovation in a programming language, 207, 232-237
insecurity, as source of contempt, 204
insubordination, 79
integration of software tasks, 13.ii
intelligence,
as a factor in success, 9.i
stability of, 149
interaction effects, 261
interchangeability,
of language, 207-208
of people, 108
interest,
measurement of, 156-158
and satisfaction, 79-80
interfaces and team structure, 71-72
intermediate storage, effects on coding, 8
interpersonal skills, programmers' supposed lack
of, P1.i
interviewing, 157
intimidation by systems programmers, 77
introspection, 30
in programmers, 3.i
invariants of personality, 145-148
involvement in planning, 183
IQ tests, 170-171
Irons, E. T., 273
isolation,
of a program, 122
of programmers, 52
iteration for compactness, 225
Iverson, Ken, 223, 12.i
top
J
Jackson, Michael, 10.i
James, William, 28, 41
job control language,
learning, 34, 186-188
syntax problems, 233-234
Jones, E. E., 93
Jordan, Michael, 10.i
Junker, Buford H., 41
top
K
Kanowitz, Lee, 115
Keats, John, 209
Keirsey, David, 8.i
Kelvin, Lord, 3.iii
keying errors, 224
key people, 96-100
keyword,
parameters, 252
setting off, 266
as variable names, 223-224
Klerer, M., 223, 244, 266, 274
knuckling under, 81
Kohn, Hans, 94
Krech, D., 93, 181
Kropotkin, Peter, 45
Kuder Preference Test, 157
top
L
La France, Jacques, 273
labels, as mark of poor programming, 232
languages,
confused with operating system, 261
dimensions of, 206-210
late delivery, cost of, 19-20
Laver, Murray, 14
law of effect, 256-258
Lawler, Edward E., 200
leadership, 78-85
team, 5.iii
technical, 5.ii
learning,
method of, P2.ii
professional versus amateur, 125
rate of, 102
transfer of, 235-236
through varied assignments, 135
Lecht, Charles P., 139
lecturing, effectiveness of, 186-187
Leeds, H. D., 274
left-to-right rule, 223
length of program, physical versus psychological,
225
letter series, on programmer aptitude tests,
174
levels of parentheses, 29-31
library,
group, 106
private, 124
of works to study, 1.i
Licklider, J. C. R., 245
lifespan of a program, 20-21, 126
limitations,
language versus programmer, 213-214
of mental capacity, 224-229
Lindzey, G., 93, 159
linearity, 229-232
lines of control versus lines of information,
106
linguistics, 215, 244-245
Lister, Tim, 4.i
literals,
and locality, 230
stripped from listing, 266
load adjustment, to lessen variation, 24
local variables, placement of, 230
locality, 229-232
and testing, 249-250
localization, 169
locating errors, 136
lock-in,
in social structures, 61-64
in testing, 251
lock-step programming, 134
logging of data, 32
London, Ralph L., 273
long-term group behavior, 91-92
long-term memory, 171
looping and linearity, 232
looseness in a language, 234-235
Lovelace, Lady, 206, 226
low-level operations with high-level results,
227
loyalty, to project and team, 107-108, 6.i
Luria, A. R., 178
Lynch, Kevin, 65
top
M
machine,
effect on coding, 7-8
importance of experience on, 185-186
reaction to trouble, 135
machine language,
versus assembly language, 204
prestige of, 213-214
problems with, 22
machine time,
adaptation to limits, 79
demands on, 134
variation in use, 129
Magic, 12.ii
maintenance, 1.i
maintenance-oriented activity, 85
management,
emotional dimensions of, 6.ii
information systems, 102
manager,
appreciation of programming, 124-125
awareness of, 124, 6.ii
change of, 78-79
competence of, 80
former programmer, 76, 80
goals of, 83-85
image of egoless programming, 61-64
remoteness of, 109-111
rewards of, 82-85
second-level, 95
status symbols of, 110-111
woman as, 5.iii, 111-112
manipulative management, 82
man-machine communication, asymmetry of, 208
manuals, non-use of, 213
Marcus, Bob, xiii
material culture, 39
material rewards, and satisfaction, 79-80
Maxwell, J. C., 36, 3.iii
May, J., 223, 244, 266, 274
Mayer, David B., 156-158, 159, 173, 176, 177
MBTI, see Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
McCarthy, Jim, 6.ii
measurements, 3.iii, 6.i
choice of, 35-38
of programming performance, 100-106
memory, 167-170
dump, 11.i
and information content, 218, 225
short-term versus long-term, 171
synesthetic versus sequential, 229
Mendelssohn, Kurt, 94
messages,
motivational qualities of, 213-214
from operating systems, 207-208
metaCOBOL, P4.i, 12.i
metadesigner, 12.i
metalanguage, 208-210, P4.i, 12.ii
and adaptability, 237
Metzger, Phillip W., 139
Meyer, Marshall W., 115
Miller, George A., 216, 245
Mills, Harlan D., 94, 274
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,
153
Minsky, M., 245
MMPI, 153
mnemonic symbols, 163-164, 224
and locality, 230
modifications, 133
of amateur programs, 123-124
design for, 20-22
to documentation, 264
temporary, 11-12
money,
as a means of obtaining loyalty, 6.i
as a substitute, 97-98
as a symbol, 184
monitoring of execution, 16, 23-24
moral problems, 31-32, 145
Morgenstern, Oskar, 42
Morrison, Phillip, 215
mother figure as maintenance specialist, 85-86
motivation, 181-184, 10.i
to conceal information, 103
for documentation, 267-268
by messages, 213-214
multiprogramming, efficiency estimates in, 24
multipurpose language, 237-241
multi-use symbols, 266
Myers, Isabel Briggs, 8.i
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 4.ii, 8.i, 10.i
myths, in programming, 39
top
N
names,
automatic changing of, 267
choice of, 223-224
detection of pattern in, 250
natural language, 11.i
and sense of rightness, 232-233
naturalness of right-to-left rule, 223
Naur, Peter, 115
neatness, 150
New York Yankees, 2.ii
night people, 194
noise and performance, 194
note-taking and learning, 194
nuclear family, 85-86
number series on programmer aptitude tests, 173-174
top
O
objectives, ambiguous, 128-131
object-oriented languages, 11.i, 11.ii
observation, 30-32
obsolescence, of a manager, 109-110
octal as chunking, 225
official leader, 81-82, 5.iii
Okimoto, G. H., 164, 178
on-line systems,
and beginners, 190
design of, 152
used to simulate batch, 32-33
ON-unit, non-local action of, 231
operating statistics, publication of, 255
operating system, 2.i, 251-258
confused with language, 261
and social structure, 52
operators, redefinition of, 237
opinion survey, problems of, 183
opinions and social pressure, 76, 103-106
optimism in testing, 247-248
organization,
formal versus informal, 47-50
system and team, 73-76, 5.ii
OS/360, training for, 186-188
outgrowing a language, 238-240
output, full use of, 195-196
overdesign, 126-128
overlay,
for compression, 227
non-local action of, 231
overmotivation, 182
overparenthesizing, 223
top
P
paging, avoiding excess, 24
palindromic programs, 174
paradox of leadership, 85
parentheses,
differentiating levels, 266
matching of, 29-30
redundant, 220-221
Parkinson, C. Northcote, 68, 93, 132
Parsons, Henry M., 42
participant observation, 31
participation and understanding, 76
Parzen, Emanuel, 272
Pascal, 12.i
PAT, 171
pathological programs, 19
patience in documentation, 170
pattern, detection of, in code, 250
patterns movement, 1.i
perception, 164
favored modes of, 193-195
performance,
affected by equivalent language forms, 235
and arousal, 248
effect of group on, 189
failure of tests to predict, 156, 172-173
measurement of, 100-106
and motivation, 182-184
and sharing of goals, 73-75
Perry, D. K., 154-157, 159
persistence in debugging, 136-137
personal computer,
effect on learning, 10.ii
influence on tool development, P4.ii
personality, 4.ii, 9.i
differences, 8.i
distortions in, 212
"incongruent" stances of, 8.i
traits, 53
phases of program, and team structure, 71-72
phases of work,
effect on success, 168-170
and team structure, 89-90
phatic function of language, 208-209
physical environment, 50-52
Pietrasante, Al, 139
Pioreck, Brian, P2.ii, 4.i
PL/C Compiler, 273
PL/I Language Log, 14, 12.i
Plum, Tom, xiii
poetic function of language, 208-209
point of view,
ability to change, 169
tools for changing, 266-267
Polya, George, 178
positional parameters, 252
precision,
in arithmetic, 8-9
in goals, 76-78
in psychological studies, 37-38
rules for, 29
prerequisites for using documentation, 263
pre-selection of programmers, 148-149
pressure and learning, 196
prestige,
importance of, 183
of a language, 213-214
of programming tasks, 107
in a team, 72
prima donnas, 61-62
principles, acquisition of, 187-188, 212
priority,
granting of, 255
as a status symbol, 111
private life, 145
proactive inhibition, 236
probability, and testing, 248-249
problem avoiding, 164-166
problem definition, xiii, xiv
problem solving, 3.i, 164-166
application of research in, 38
Problem-Solving Leadership Workshop, 3.i, 5.ii,
5.iii
Proceedings of PL/I Seminars, 243
production,
and learning, 196-197
reliability and group structure, 81-83
productivity,
and egoless programming, 136
language feature, 208
reduced by conflict, 89-90
versus training, 69-70
and working conditions, 31
professional programming, 122-125
language for, 212
profile, personality, 154-158
Programmer's Aptitude Test, 9.i, 171-176
Programmer's National Anthem, 152
programming,
as human behavior, 1.i
studying, 3.i
programming language, 205-216, 11.i, 12.i
dead-end, 191-192
design, 210-214, 218-245
effect on coding, 9-10
fixation on, 60
learning versus use, 190-192
progress reporting, 100-106
and project structure, 133
progressives, liking for, 156
project design, staggered, 134-135
project predictability, 3.iii
promotion,
importance of, 183
leading to dissatisfaction, 97-98
of maintenance specialist, 85
prompting of amateur programmers, 123
proofreading, 162
property-oriented programming, 53-56
psychological studies, exaggeration in, 135-136
psychological testing scaling effects, 103
public relations, group, 106
top
Q
quality,
of code, 2.i
importance of, 183
top
R
raise,
importance of, 183-184
leading to dissatisfaction, 97-98
Randell, Brian, 115
reading programs, 5-14, 1.i
and egoless programming, 60
recoding of information units, 225
redundancy,
measure of, 245
and syntax checking, 228-229
reference table in documentation, 267
referential function of language, 208-210
Reinstedt, R. N., 172, 177
relationship rules on aptitude tests, 173
reliability of compiled code, 16
remote job entry,
introduction of, 257-258
social structure, 52
remoteness of leadership, 109-111
reorganization and team loyalties, 106-107
replacement,
of non-cooperating managers, 83-85
of a team member, 86-87
reruns, cost of, 23-24
resolution of conflict, 78
resolution level of timing information, 32
responsibility, unwanted, 97-98
restrictions in a language, effects of, 213-214
retroactive inhibition, 236
reward,
for accurate reporting, 103
for appearance of work, 109-110
for developers, 6.i
of a manager, 82-85
misapplied, 165
right-to-left rule, 223
rigid personality, 153
rigidity of programming language, 211
root cause analysis, 3.i
Rorschach Ink Blot Test, 153
Rosen, S., 139
Rosenthal, Robert, 272
Rosin, Robert F., 272
Rubey, Raymond J., 243
Russell, Bertrand, 39, 203
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S
Sackman, Harold, 32, 34, 37, 42, 178, 199, 256,
259, 261, 272
salary,
importance of, 183-184
and programming mystique, 3-4
Salsbury, R. G., 272
Sammet, Jean E., 139, 216, 239, 241, 244
Satir, Virginia, 5.iii, 8.i
satisfaction with a special-purpose language,
238-239
saving face, 77
schedule, 19-20
and egoless programming, 59
and team structure, 68-69
schooling, 184-188
Schulman, Ed, 7.i
scope,
of application of a program, 126-128
shown in documentation, 267
of work, 183
scoring, of Strong test, 157
Seashore, Charlie and Edie, xv
second language, learning of, 212-213
second-level manager, 95, 109
secretary, as status symbol, 111
selection of programmers,
with experience, 175-176
as experimental subjects, 33-35
mistakes in, 148-149
by self-selection, 52-53
for various tasks, 107
selective memory, 171
selectivity, in design, 168
self-describing documentation, 263-265
self-esteem, as a root problem, 6.ii
self-fulfilling prophecy, 100, 154-155
self-image, damage to, 54
self-selection, 52-53, 149
selling of goals, 81
semantics,
exploration of, 221
and syntactic looseness, 235
sense of humor, 152
sequential memory, 229
service group, goal problems, 77
set, 162-164
tools for overcoming, 266-267
sex, and status, 111-112
sexist language, 2.ii, 5.iii
Shannon, C. E., 245
SHARE organization, P4.ii
sharing of group goals, 73
Shaw, C. J., 244
sheltering programmers, 124
Shneiderman, Ben, xii, P3.i
shortage of programmers, effect of, 79-80
shortcuts, temptation of, 68-69
short-term group behavior, 91-92
short-term memory, 171
Silver Anniversary Edition, reasons for writing,
xii
similarity of language and inhibition effects,
236
simplification, in amateur programming, 122-124
Simula, 11.ii, 12.i
simulation of batch by on-line, 32-33
size,
of program, 122
of programming teams, 69
of statements, 29
skills, acquisition of, 187-188
slack, 106
slippage in documentation, 265
small group behavior, 91
Smalltalk, 12.ii
Smith, B., 245
smooth operation, and smooth reporting, 103
social activity in programming, 35
social contact and operating systems, 257-258
social environment, restructuring of, 56-60
social organization, and physical environment,
50-52
social pressure,
effects on reporting, 103-106
and opinions, 76
social psychology, 39
experiments in, 91-93
social role, reaction to, 148
social structure, 39
socialization of new team members, 61-64, 88-89
sociology, contrast with anthropology, 37
softness, 85
software forms, social organization of, 58
sorting mentality, 240
special-purpose language, 237-241
compression in, 226
specifications, 12, 17-19
and egoless programming, 59
languages, 13.i
relaxation of, 23
speed as a factor in test scores, 170
spelling errors, 234
stability through change, 96-100
stages of programming, 132-137
staggered shift, 79
Stainaker, A. W., 159, 177
standards,
and amateur programs, 122
group, 106
in procedures, 258
in programming language design, 211-214
Stange, G. H., 256, 272
static and dynamic structure analyzers, 13.i
statistics, role in studies, 32-33
status of team members, 72
Steel, T. B., Jr., 216
Stockham, Thomas G., Jr., 274
storage capacity and coding, 8
stress, tolerance of, 149-150
strings, failure to close, 260
strong leadership, 89-90
Strong Vocational Interest Blank, 153-158
structure,
of a data-processing section, 116
of a project, 106-109
subjects, sources of, 33-35
subroutines,
non-local effects of, 231
and team structure, 70-72
subscript rules, 218-219
subset language,
through defaults, 228
and efficiency, 23
psychological effects of, 219-220
success, effect on testing, 250-251
supplies, control of, 79
support group, goal problems, 77
suspicion, and problem test, 146
symbol table, in documentation, 267
symbols,
choice of, 163-164
need for, 6.ii
of status, 110-111, 6.ii
symmetry of program structure, 168
Symposium on Extendible Languages, 216
synesthetic memory, 229
syntactic "sin," 11.ii
syntactic "syn," 11.ii, 12.ii
syntax,
checking and redundancy, 228-229
directing documentation, 274
of JCL, 186-188, 233-234
specifications for checking, 260
synthetic mind, 137
system test group, 106-108
systems analysis, xiv
systems design, xiv
awareness of, 124
requirements for, 132
systems programming,
background for, 184-185
goal problems, 77
group, 106
systems thinking, xv
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T
target dates, importance, 183
task forces, 106
task-oriented activity, 85
TAT, 153
teaching,
effectiveness of, 185-186
by operating systems, 188
team, 67-94
cost of studying, 35
mother, 85-86
programming, P2.i
technical reviews, 4.ii
technocratic organization, 90
Teitelman, W., 273
temporary modifications, 11-12
terminal,
and amateur programmers, 122-124
benefits of limiting to, 238
built for two, 259
in a documentation system, 264, 267
effect on error, 255-256
resolving ambiguity at, 223
role in learning, 189-190
and social structure, 52
as status symbol, 111
users' behavior at, 31-32
test cases, 251
test databases, 13.i
test harnesses and drivers, 13.i
testers, professional, 13.i
testing, 13.i
see also debugging
for aptitude, 170-176
personality, 153-158
Thematic Apperception Test, 153
theory, application of, 38
theory of temperaments, 8.i
thought, shaped by language, 238-240
Thurstone Temperament Schedule, 157
tight coding, 22
time,
in motivation studies, 183
for quality work, 183
for reviewing reports, 101
time-clocks, enforcement of, 79
time-sharing, 13.ii
versus batch, 32, 259-262
timing information,
effects on coding, 8
resolution level of, 32
title, importance of, 183
tolerance of stress, 149-150
tool content, 13.iii
tools, programming, P4.i, 13.i, 13.iii
testing of, 13.i
toy languages, 237-241
trade-offs, importance of, 2.ii
tradition in programming language, 232-237
trainees,
as rewards to managers, 97
subjects for study, 33-35
use in programming efforts, 69-70, 5.ii
training, 184-188, 9.i
effect on IQ scores, 171
through egoless programming, 60
through introduced bugs, 248
versus productivity, 69-70
for replacement, 98-100
traits of personality, 146
turnaround, 254-258
variation in, 24, 33
Tyler, L. E., 140
top
U
unanimity, and social pressure, 104-106
uncertainty,
principle, 31
and team structure, 68-69
underdesign, 126
unfamiliar, diverse reactions to, 191-192
uniformity, 218-224
and testing, 249-250
universe of discourse, 210
benefits of limiting, 227-228, 237-238
unobtrusive measures of observation, 31-32
top
V
value, measures of, 2.i
value system, restructuring of, 56-60
variance, importance of, 2.i
variation,
among individuals, 3.iii, 261-262
in production time, 20
in program execution time, 24
reduction through egoless programming, 59
in turnaround, 33, 255
vending machines and informal structure, 49-50
verbal ability,
in documentation, 170
as measure of programmer aptitude, 176
Vienna Definition Language, 12.i
virtual machines,
consistent performance on, 24
overcoming machine limitations, 15
visual learning, 193-194
vocal-auditory channel, 207, 11.i
von Neumann, John, 56
Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich, 216
top
W
walkthrough and inspection process, 1.i
warm bodies, 68
weakness, admission of, 189
Webb, Eugene J., 42
Weinberg, Dani, xiv
Weinberg, G. M., 14, 26, 179, 244, 272-274
Weinberg, Keats, 10.ii
Wernick, Robert, 159
Wertheimer, M., 178
White, R. H., 159
White, R. W., 159
Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 244
Williams, R. J., 140
winning favor with management, 82-83
Wirth, N., 244, 12.i
women,
association with menial tasks, 111-112
as leaders, 98-99
as programmers, 5.ii, 6.ii
reactions to, 147-148
self-selection of, 149
as team-mother, 85-86
words, as chunks of information, 225
work assignment, feelings about, 72-73
work habits, 9.i
work patterns, 151-152
working conditions, 31
effect on debugging approach, 168
and satisfaction, 80
working habits, 194
working hours, strict enforcement of, 79
working to rule, 78-79
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 66
writing and learning, 194
top
X
X-factor in hiring, 157-158, 176
top
Y
Yates, F. A., 245
years of programming, 35-36
top
Z
Zemanek, H., 215, 12.ii
Zipf, G. K., 225, 245
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